PROF ED NOTES- THE TEACHING PROFESSION

THE TEACHING PROFESSION

Lorimar Book (All majors):  https://invle.co/clcb21b

• Education is the process of acquiring knowledge, habits, attitudes,

interest, skills, abilities and other human qualities through

training, self-activity, and transmitting these vital elements of human

civilization to posterity.

• The three TYPES OF EDUCATION are

1. Formal Education,

2. Non-formal

3. Education

4. Informal Education.

• Formal education refers to the hierarchically structured and

chronologically graded learning, organized and provided by formal

schools and where certification is required in order for the learner

to progress through the grades or move on to higher levels.

• Non-formal education refers to any school-based educational

activities undertaken by the DECS and other agencies aimed at

attaining specific learning objectives for a particular learner.

• Informal education is a type of education that can be acquired

anytime and anywhere, also known as the education for all seasons.

• The two theories concerning the exact ORIGIN OF EDUCATION are:

1. Theory of Divine Education

2. Theory of Evolution.

• Theory of Divine Creation advocates that God equipped man

with intellect and free will.

• Theory of Evolution believes that education started when the

primitive man began his quest to find ways and means to feed,

clothe, shelter and protect himself, and compete with other animals

for survival.

• Ancient civilizations that CONTRIBUTED TO EDUCATION

1. Jewish,

2. Chinese,

3. Egyptian,

4. Greeks,

5. Roman Civilizations

• The Ancient Jewish civilization contributed to religious education.

• The Ancient Chinese civilization contributed to career-oriented education.

• The Ancient Egyptian Civilization contributed to practical and empirical education.

• The Ancient Greek Civilization contributed to liberal and democratic education.

• The Sophists in ancient Greek were the wandering scholars who

went to Athens to teach Athenian boys by collecting fees from them.

• Protagoras was the most famous sophist who stated that man is the

measure of all things.

• The Greek Thinkers flourished in order to counteract the influences

of the Sophists who were not Athenians, among them were:

1. Socrates

2. Plato

3. Aristotle.

• Socrates was a Greek Thinker who believed that knowledge is virtue

and all virtuous actions are based on knowledge.

• Plato believed that the social class the person belongs to

determine their education.

• Aristotle believed that virtue is brought by doing not by knowing

and advanced the idea that man is a social animal and must use his

reason to attain his ultimate end, which is ‘the summumbonum’ or

highest/supreme Good.

• The Ancient Roman civilization contributed pragmatic and progressive education.

• Three TEACHING METHODS that Jesus Christ used and contributed,

1. Parable,

2.Conversational Method,

3. Proverbial or Gnomic Method.

• Christian Education became part of the mainstream society in Rome

when Emperor Constantine proclaimed Christianity as the official

religion of the Roman world.

• The different MEDIEVAL MOVEMENTS in education are 

1. Monasticism,

2. Scholasticism,

3. The Medieval University,

4. Chivalry,

5. The Guild System.

• Monasticismis where education was a religious discipline, strict,

rigid, and punishment was severe.

• Charlemagne supported the Monastic schools and even established

court schools to educate his constituents.

• Scholasticismis where education was an intellectual discipline and

its purpose was to bring reason to faith and support theology by

using logic.

• St. Thomas of Aquinas was one of the foremost proponents of the Scholastic movement.

• The Medieval University started as

“universitasmagistrorumetscholarium” or corporation of teachers

and students, chartered by the pope or the kings.

• Emperor Frederick I chartered the first organized university,

University of Bologna in 1158.

• THE MEDIEVAL UNIVERSITY was composed of a Studiumgenerale

(student body), Nation, Councilors, Facultas, Dean, and Rector.

• Chivalryis where education was used as a social discipline, where a

boy of noble birth has to pass through several stages to be fully

accepted as a member of his social class.

• Under CHIVALRY, a boy of noble birth has togo through as a page,

squire, and knight to be fully accepted as a member of his social

class.

• A page is an attendant to the noble courts at the age of 7 years old.

• A squire is an attendant to a knight at the age of 14 years old.

• A knight is a full-pledged warrior who has vowed to protect the

women and the poor, defend the church and the state, attack the

wicked, and shed blood for the sake of his country and his

fellow countrymen.

• The Guild System provided education for the middle class that

acquired their fortune from the profits in commercial and industrial

endeavors brought by the “Crusades”.

• Renaissanceis considered as the revival of ancient learning brought

by the discovery of the “New World” by Christopher Columbus, the

fascinating stories of Marco Polo about the wealth and technology

of the East, the invention of the printing press and other events.

• Humanism is a philosophy that believes that education aims to

liberate man from the oppressive and demanding medieval

institutions like the church and the state to enable him to fully

develop his potentials.

• Italian or Individual humanism stressed that individual freedom is a

prerequisite to the achievement of a rich and fulfilled life.

• Northern or Social Humanism advocated that education is an avenue

for societal regeneration.

• Reformation highlighted the protests of the people who were

dissatisfied by the policies of the Roman Catholic Church caused by

the massive corruption and indulgences of the church.

• Martin Luther, considered as the father of Reformation, wrote the

95 theses that denounces the Catholic Church and posted it in the

doorpost of his Cathedral on October 31, 1517.

• Catholic Counter – Reformation was the response of the Roman

Catholic Church to the protests of the “Reformers” led by Rev. Martin

Luther.

• Realism was an educational philosophy that advocates that education

should be concerned with the actualities of life and prepare for its

concrete duties.

• The proponents of REALISTIC EDUCATION were 

1. John Milton,

2. Francois Rubelais,

3. Michael de Montaigne,

4. John Amos Comenius,

5. Francis Bacon,

6. Richard Mulcaster

8. WolgangRatke.

• John Milton believed that boys should study formal grammar and

formal education must be emphasized.

• Francois Rubelais suggested that education should be made attractive

and pleasant rather than compulsive.

• Michael de Montaigne emphasized the use of field trips/educational

tours in the teaching – learning process and introduced the concept

of finishing schools.

• John Amos Comenius wrote “OrbisPictusSensualism” or the World

of Sensible Things Pictured, which is considered as the first textbook

on using of visual aids in classroom teaching.

• Francis Bacon suggested the used of inductive method of teaching

and believed that all scientific progress must be based on

nature.

• Richard Mulcaster argued thateducation should be in accordance

with the nature of the child and its aim is to secure the expression

and development of childish tendencies and not to suppress them.

• WolgangRatke advocated that everything should constantly be

repeated to ensure mastery.

• Disciplinism is a philosophy, which believes that education is based

on discipline.

• John Locke is an advocate of Disciplinism and believed that when

the child is born his mind can be compared to a “tabula rasa”, or a

blank tablet and experiences will be the ones to write on that tablet.

• Naturalism is an educational philosophy, which adheres to the belief

that education should be in accordance with the nature of the child.

• Jean Jacques Rosseau believed that man at birth is naturally good

and societal influences make man evil, and that the stronger the

body, the more it obeys and the weaker the body the more it

commands.

• The Psychological Movement in Education calls for the application

of basic psychological principles like individual differences, transfer

of learning and other to the educative process.

• Among the educators who belong to the PSYCHOLOGICAL

MOVEMENT were Johan Heinrich Pestalozzi, Johan Friedrich Herbart,

Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel and Maria Montessori.

• Johan Heinrich Pestalozziadvocated that learning is through

observation and experience and education is basically a “contact of

souls” and the teacher must feel respect and sympathy for the

children he teaches.

• Johan Friedrich Herbart was known for the Herbatian Method of

Teaching, which is composed of Preparation, Presentation,

Association, Generalization, and Application.

• Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebelestablished a child-centered

school in 1840, which came to be known as “Kindergarten”.

• Maria Montessorideveloped a child-centered curriculum and

emphasized manipulation and experimentation to promote

independence and creativity.

• The Sociological Movement in Education is where education is

looked upon as the process geared toward the propagation,

perpetuation, and improvement of the society and the total

development of an individual.

• John Dewey, a proponent of the sociological movement, believed

that education must be democratic and considered as life and not

just the preparation for life.

• John Dewey postulated the famous “Learning by Doing Dictum”,

which states that the learner learns best if he is an active participant

in the teaching learning process.

• A teacher has a right and duty to determine the academic marks and

the promotions of learners in the subject or grades he handles,

provided that such determination shall be in accordance with

generally accepted procedures of evaluation and measurement.

• To manage an off-task behavior, a teacher should always consider

not only the goodness of one but of the entire class.

• It is a responsibility of teachers to seek correctives for what may

appear to be an unprofessional and unethical conduct of any

associate.

• Asking what a student wants to be when he/she grows up is an

indication of Idealism, where ideas that exist in the mind are the

only reality.

• Pursuing a degree in Education to fulfill a dream of becoming a

teacher shows Realism, where it stresses that reality is not in the

mind but in the external world.

• In accordance with the Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers, every

teacher shall participate in the Continuing Professional Education

(CPE).

• In a situation where mutual attraction and subsequent love develop

between teacher and learner, the teacher shall exercise utmost

professional discretion to avoid scandal, gossip and preferential

treatment of the learner.

• In accordance to RA 7836, every teacher shall be physically, mentally

and morally fit.

• The Education Act of 1982 provided for the establishment and

maintenance of an integrated system of education

• In the Education Act of 1982, Section 2this act shall apply to and

govern both formal and non-formal system in public and private

schools in all levels of the entire educational system.

• Act No. 2706, also known as “Private School Law”, enacted on March

10, 1917 made the recognition and inspection of private schools and

colleges by the Secretary of Public Instruction obligatory so as to

maintain a standard of efficiency on all private schools and colleges

in the country.

• Commonwealth Act No. 578 enacted on June 8, 1940, conferred the

status of “persons in authority” upon the teachers, professors, and

person charged with the supervision of public or duly recognized

private schools, colleges, universities.

• EO No. 27 issued on July 4, 1986 seeks to include courses or subjects

on hum rights in the school curricula, in textbooks, and other reading

materials and in the qualifying examinations on government service.

• EO No. 189 issued on June 10, 1987, placed all public secondary school

teachers under the administrative supervision and control of the

Department of Education, Culture and Sports.

• RA1079 approved on June 15, 1959 provided that Civil Service

eligibility shall have no time limit.

• RA No. 1425 approved on June 12, 1956 prescribed the inclusion in

the curricula of all schools, both public and private, from elementary

schools to the universities, the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal

especially the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.

• RA No. 4670 known as the “Magna Carta for Public School Teacher”

approved on June 18, 1966 to promote and improve the social and

economic status of public school teachers, their living and working

conditions, their employment and career prospects.

• RA 6655 known as the “Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988”

approved on May 26, 1988 provided for free public secondary

education to all qualified citizens and promote quality education to

all levels.

• RA6728 known as the “Act Providing Government Assistance to

Students and Teachers in Private Education” was approved on June

10, 1989 and provided for tuition fee supplement for students in

private high schools, vocational and technical courses whose schools

charge less than 1,500 pesos tuition fee.

• RA 7079 known as the “Campus Journalism Act of 1991” was signed

into law on July 5, 1991 to provide for the promotion and protection

of press freedom in the campus by providing for the establishment

and maintenance of a student publication in all levels of education

in both public and private schools.

• RA 7610 enacted on June 17, 1992 otherwise known as the Special

Protection of Children Against Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination

Act, or the Anti-Child Abuse Law further amended by RA 9231 in

order to strengthen the law for the protection of the Filipino Children

from abuse exploitation and for the elimination of the worst forms

of child labor.

• RA 7731 passed on June 2, 1994 stated that those who failed the

NCEE shall no longer be denied or refused enrolment by any School,

College, or University to any post-secondary program necessitating

a minimum of four (4) years.

• RA 7743 approved on June 17, 1994 provided for the establishment

of Public Libraries and Reading Centers in all Barangays all over the

country to be undertaken by the National Library in coordination

with the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG).

• RA 7784 known as an “Act to Strengthen Teacher Education in the

Philippines by Establishing Centers of Excellence” approved on

August 4, 1994 provided that there shall be identified, designated,

established, and developed in strategic places in each of the regions

in the country, one or more centers of excellence for teacher

education based on a set of criteria provided.

• RA 7796 known as the Technical Education Skills Development Act of

1994 or the “TESDA Act of 1994” approved on August 25, 1994 provided

for the creation of the Technical Education Skills Development

Authority or TESDA.

• RA 7797 was passed on August 18, 1994, and provided for the

lengthening o f the school calendar from two hundred (200)days but

not more than two hundred twenty (220) days beginning in the

school year 1995-1996.

• RA 7877, known as the “Anti Sexual Harrasment Act of 1995” was

signed into law on February 14, 1995, provided that all forms of sexual

harassment in the employment, education or training environment

are unlawful.

• RA 7880 known as the “Fair and Equitable Access to Education Act”,

which states that the “State shall provide for the development of its

citizenry as represented by all legislative districts ensuring then fair

and equitable access to the infrastructure and tools necessary for

quality education.”

• RA 8047 known as the “Book Publishing Industry Development Act”,

recognized that the book publishing industry has a significant role

in national development, considering that books which are its

products are instrumental in the citizenry’s intellectual, technical

and cultural development – the basic social foundation for the

economic and social growth of the country.

• RA 8941 known as the “Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines

approved on February 12, 1998 proved the design of the National

Flag, hoisting and display of the National Flag, conduct of flag raising

ceremony, Pledge to the Flag, the National Anthem, and the National

Motto.

• RA 8545 amended RA 6728 to establish a fund for the purpose of

subsidizing salaries of private school teachers.

• RA 9155 known as “An Act Instituting A Frame of Work Of Governance

For Basic Education, Establishing Authority and Accountability,

Renaming the Department of Education, Culture and Sports As The

Department of Education” was approved on August 11, 2001.

• Progressivism connotes growth and development and is described

by engaging students in problem solving activities that is a reflection

of the personal and social experiences that can help them in solving

their own real-life problem.

• Progressivism is where there is an environment that stimulates or

invites participation, involvement and the democratic process.

• Existentialism is defined as the philosophy of subjectivity of selfhood

whose fundamental doctrine proclaims man’s freedom in the

accomplishment of his destiny.

• Reconstructivism covers the underlying factors that constitute reality

or society and where students are encouraged to become involved

in the problems whether political, social or economical that confronts

the society and is able to arrive at solutions in order to reconstruct

society.

• Perennialism maintains that education involves confronting the

problems and questions that have challenged people over the

centuries.

• Teachers are not punishers but counselors as mandated by the law

that no teacher should inflict corporal punishments to the students.

• Essentialism is concerned with the fundamental of education skill

and knowledge without which a person can’t be either individually

or socially efficient.

• A Pragmatist teacher is one who focuses on the thinks at work and

what works is not only for himself but also for the entire community.

• In line with Reconstructivism, emphasis in education should be on

how to become economically self-reliant.

• Partnership between the school administrators, faculty and the

community is the best attribute to bring about better programs and

initiatives.

• Respect for authority requires the teachers to be careful with the

statements he/she tells about superiors, especially in front of his/

her students.

• An integral part of the teaching process is classroom management.

• The Fundamental Moral Principle is “Do Good and avoid evil.”

• “Moral example has a greater effect on pupils’ discipline than laws

and codes of punishment,” is a piece of advice for teachers from Confucius.

• According to Max Scheler’sHierarchy of Values, Values of the Holy is

the highest form of values.

• The Ten Commandments are the basic foundation of Christian

morality, which guides their behavior and dealing with moral issues.

• Epicureanism is a philosophy that is summarized by, “Eat, drink and

be merry for tomorrow you will die.”

• Plato is an idealist that believes that the truth is universal and

changeless.

• A theory of philosophy that defines views about learner, the teachers

and the school is the Philosophy of Education.

• The ten countries that belong to the ASEAN are Philippines, Brunei,

Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam,

and Singapore.

• The ASEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY are 10 countries working

together with a market of 600 million people with the goal of free

trade.

• Free trade includes the flow of goods, services, investment capital,

skilled labor and professional mobility.

• Professional Qualification Framework is a national policy describing

the levels of educational qualifications and sets the standards for

qualification outcomes.